A strategy for the spin-acoustic control of silicon vacancies in a 4H silicon carbide-based bulk acoustic resonator - Phys.org

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Defect and device structure. a, Electronic structure of V− Si with magnetically allowed and magnetically forbidden but acoustically allowed transitions labeled in blue and green, respectively. Spin polarization is created through ground-state (GS) transduction and then readout by the fluorescence difference between spin manifolds resulting from different non-radiative decay rates and intersystem crossing (ISC) from the defects' optically excited state (ES). The spin resonances are Zeeman shifted into resonance with the LOBAR with a c-axis-oriented magnetic field (B). b, Schematic of the suspended LOBAR device transduction and spin control. Interdigital molybdenum (Mo) electrodes excite an aluminum nitride (AlN) piezoelectric layer that converts the input RF photons into phonons, which acoustically transduce a V − Si spin shown by a yellow-to-green arrow to observe ODSAR. Alternatively, the spin can be magnetically transduced by a nearby suspended RF antenna to observe ODMR. The spin is then readout with an excitation laser focused onto the backside of the resonator. For reference, an FEM-simulated strain distribution of the shear strain of an A0 Lamb wave mode is shown. c, Crystallography of the k-site V− Si (V2) defect center, with the nearest-neighbor carbon and silicon atoms (shown in black and blue, respectively). The c axis(0001) is labeled. d, Alternate representation of the experimental schematic shown in b. Credit: Nature Electronics (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41928-023-01029-4

Bulk acoustic resonators—stacked material structures inside which acoustic waves resonate—can be used to amplify sounds or filter out undesired noise. These resonators have found wide use in today's RF telecommunication, like Front-End Modules (FEM) in iPhones. They could also be valuable components for various cutting-edge scientific applications, including quantum technologies and imaging devices.

Despite their potential, precisely measuring the acoustic energy stored inside these devices over time has so far proved challenging. This limited their use for fabricating reliable and highly performing filters and signal processing devices.

Researchers at Harvard University and Purdue University recently set out to tackle this existing challenge in the field, by introducing a strategy to control and read-out silicon vacancies inside a bulk acoustic resonator based on 4H silicon carbide (SiC). Their proposed strategy, outlined in Nature Electronics, can be used to tune the frequencies amplified or absorbed by defects in 4H SiC with bulk acoustic resonators.

"Our research was motivated by studying the mechanical dynamics of a classical system with a quantum sensor," Jonathan R. Dietz, co-author of the paper, told Phys.org. "Notably our labs had already gathered resonators that could concentrate enough energy to study this interaction."

The recent study by Dietz and his colleagues builds on the researchers' previous research works. In their past papers, the researchers had introduced new acoustic resonators fabricated using 4H SiC, so-called lateral overtone bulk acoustic resonators (LOBARs). In addition, they demonstrated their potential, particularly as high quality-factor (Q) optical resonators.

"To accomplish the spin acoustic control of the silicon vacancies, we selected a device for high quality resonances and measured the spin-acoustic coupling with a confocal ODMR microscope," Dietz explained. "Finally, we used the measured spin resonance to precisely map out the acoustic waves in the LOBAR device."

As part of their study, the researchers demonstrated the potential of their proposed strategy for the spin-acoustic control of silicon vacancies in 4H SiC-based LOBAR devices. Dietz and his colleagues conducted a frequency spectrum analysis when the resonator was operating in its high Q mode using optical readout. In addition, they were able to produce a visualization of the device's resonance mode using 2D imaging tools that study the interaction between the resonator and defects in the material.

"Our measurement is non-invasive," Boyang (Alex) Jiang, co-author of the paper said. "Also, since the fluorescence is only related to the strain it couples to, our Q measured is the intrinsic Q of the SiC, without the need for de-embedding in RF measurement."

The new approach introduced by this team of researchers could be used to gather precise measurements inside LOBAR devices at ambient conditions and without interfering with their operation. In the future, it could be used to characterize the acoustic properties of various microelectromechanical systems, while also enabling greater control over quantum memory devices based on the spin defects that use acoustic vibrations as a quantum resource.

"Our study shows that a common, easily measurable defect in silicon carbide is mechanically sensitive and can be robustly controlled to make a non-invasive sensor of strain," Dietz said. "In our next studies we plan to realize the 3D imaging of the strain in SiC (silicon carbide)-based devices, like MRI. We would also like to use the feedback between resonator and spins to control both systems simultaneously."

More information: Jonathan R. Dietz et al, Spin-acoustic control of silicon vacancies in 4H silicon carbide, Nature Electronics (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41928-023-01029-4

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